Better Work Life Balance Survey in Ncc Bank Limited free essay sample

This report gives a review of various sorts of work-life balance activities that have been created by in the money related organizations of Bangladesh. Governments are progressively dedicated to decreasing the social, wellbeing and business expenses of work-life struggle. A few nations have received individual bits of enactment or arrangements that address some part of work-life balance. These activities are not really part of a thorough program or strategy way to deal with accomplish work-life balance, however these measures could be viewed as one approach to improve a representatives balance among work and different responsibilities.This report demonstrates that there isn't probably going to be any one size fits all response to work-life balance issues. An assortment of approaches are accessible to help work-life balance, going from limited time programs that accentuate the significance of adjust and offer help to bosses to decrease the business costs related with work-life struggl e, to enactment that supports guardians with care giving obligations. We will compose a custom paper test on Better Work Life Balance Survey in Ncc Bank Limited or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Unmistakably improving work-life balance is a significant part of the arrangement plan for some mechanical nations, and the issue is probably going to turn out to be considerably progressively significant later on. The principal Work-Life Balance Survey (WLB1) was directed by the Department for Education and Employment in 2000 to evaluate the degree to which bosses worked work life balance rehearses; to see whether representatives felt that current practices addressed their issues; and to give a standard against which future overviews could be compared.Changes were made in the survey’s procedure between the main gauge study led by IFF and the second study of workers (WLB2) led in 2003 by MORI, and hands on work for the 3 Second study was led preceding the acquaintance of the privilege with demand adaptable working. This report presents the aftereffects of the Third Work-Life Balance Employees’ Survey, directed by phone in mid 2006. Work-life balance is an expression use d to portray a people sentiments of fulfillment with the interest in work related exercises and their own life.This state is accomplished when an individual feels the measure of time went through creation cash to accommodate ones family unit and propelling profession objectives is sufficiently offset with the measure of time spent in free and individual interests, for example, companionships, family, otherworldliness, side interests, and relaxation exercises. Inability to keep up work-life equalization may bring about critical enthusiastic trouble and decrease of profitability. By and large, investing more energy at work may really prompt an abatement in productivity.Some people feel that their working environment makes an excessive number of weights to keep up a work/life equalization, and they may feel a decrease in their sentiments of fulfillment and pleasure throughout everyday life. A few people feel as though there isn't sufficient time for different parts of life 1. Presentation: 1. 1. Prologue to the subject: Work-life balance is a wide idea including appropriate organizing between work (vocation and aspiration) on one hand and life (delight, relaxation, family and otherworldly turn of events) on the other. Related, however more extensive, terms incorporate way of life equalization and life balance. When all is said in done, people who work over 60 hours out of every week are informally called obsessive workers. The expression compulsive worker got well known in 1971 when Wayne Oates distributed the book, Confessions of a Workaholic. The expression obsessive worker is definitely not a clinical term, however it is commonly used to depict people who disregard their own lives for work-and profession related interests. The expression work-life balance got famous as an administrative idea when businesses understood that their laborers showed expanded profitability, diminished turnover, and devotion to the organization when the idea was watched and regarded.

Example of an Compare and Contrast Essay Example for Free

Case of a Compare and Contrast Essay My grandma and I resemble residue and first light, direct inverses. We have various purposes of perspectives; we originate from complete various ages; we have distinctive intrigue. My grandma was conceived in Atlanta, GA and wedded at a youthful age. She and my granddad later climb to Jersey City, New Jersey when she was pregnant with my oldest auntie. Life was a ton diverse during the 1940s than it is presently. In the wake of plunking down with my grandma, conversing with her about various stuff made me rethink her. I talked with her about how the music was at that point and now was extraordinary. She experienced childhood in a Christian home, so all they tuned in to was Gospel. I solicited her â€Å"what do you think from the Gospel music today?† She addressed â€Å"I’m not a major fanatic of it but rather I just tune in to Mary before I would tune in to whatever else. They include a lot into it and feel that since you state God or Jesus it’s a Gospel melody. Mary are genuine Gospel singers.† So, I got some information about the Gospel music that she grew up with, and she had a twinkle in her eye as she disclosed it to me. She really cherished Gospel from the 1950s to the 1980s. she clarified how they had a genuine significance and how they had a genuine message. Innovation from that point and now is extremely unique. My grandma pronounced that their television’s appeared as though huge boxes with a screen on them and cameras were colossal. Presently, in the 21th century, we have level screen TV’s and little cameras that can fit in your pockets and can print remotely from the printer. Telephones were completely wired and you couldn’t truly move around the house with it; directly, we have remote PDA that you can contact somebody from most of the way around the globe without an issue. Nature was much more secure than it is today; additionally, that costs were more moderate than they are, that’s why more individuals are relying upon open partners. My grandma showed that you could stroll in the market with $20 and forget about with around 35-40 things. Starting at now, you stroll in the supermarket with $20 exit with 3-5 things. During the 1960s the situations setting weren’t as terrible as they are currently. The crime percentage isn’t as high as they are currently. That’s why she decides to forget about promptly toward the beginning of the day to run masterminds since she feels more secure. The ages has changed and advanced in various manners. Things were simpler than they are today. Before you don’t truly stress over a lot, presently a few people dread to leave the solace or their home. Perhaps in the event that I was alive during that time, I possibly would have experienced as much as I am today. On the off chance that you gotten an opportunity to live in that time zone, OK?

MIA and MPA Orientation Schedules Posted COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

MIA and MPA Orientation Schedules Posted COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Mandatory orientation for new students starts on Monday, August 31st.   The schedules have been released by the Office of Student Affairs and I am happy to share the schedules here.   MPA DP Orientation details will be made available during the required MPA DP boot camp that commences on August 17th. Questions such as the following, and many more, will all be answered during Orientation: When do I register for classes? How do I register for classes? How many courses can I take per term? When/how do I declare my concentration? Are certain prerequisites required for particular courses? Can/should I register for language courses? How do I access career services? Can I use facilities across campus? Who do I talk to/where do I go if I need medical attention? What safety services are available? Plenty of returning students will be available, there are sure to be events in the evenings that are not part of the official schedule, and faculty/administrators will be available as well.   Business casual attire should be worn during Orientation.   We look forward to seeing new students soon and here are the schedules: MIA Orientation Schedule MPA Orientation Schedule

Sleep Quality And Academic Performance Essay - 1510 Words

When students first arrive at college, their first fundamental routine of sleep changes dramatically. College students rarely find themselves getting about eight hours of sleep every day. Thus started the idea of how a student’s academic performance can be affected by the amount of sleep they get. The research article, â€Å"Sleep Quality and Academic Performance in University Students: A Wake-Up Call for College Psychologists† written by Steven P. Gilbert and Cameron C. Weaver, represents the perfect study on how sleep quality and quantity can affect a student’s academic performance. At the City College of New York, students are found comparing with one another on how much sleep they have gotten. These times vary due to what they have the following day. These problems come from the tedious studying, testing, and working. These problems indicate that an average college student would find themselves with less time to sleep, and more time worrying about their acade mic performance, also known as their grade point average. The idea of sleep deprivation and academic performance deals with numerous topics in psychology. Topics which consist of psychological disorders and memory. Specifically, of the psychological disorder come known to be anxiety. For memory, people find themselves having problems recalling when sleep deprivation occurs. The average college student is constantly pressured due to their upcoming deadlines. Anxiety is known as to be the worrying aboutShow MoreRelatedSleep Quality And Academic Performance890 Words   |  4 Pages Sleep Quality Affecting College Student’s Academic Performance Sleep is one of the few necessities that are needed for humans to function and overall survive. People, generally adults, fail to realize the need for sleep when they are constantly working around the clock. This sort of deficiency leads to a common sleep disorder called sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation can affect teens and working adults but is seen predominately among college students. College students are succumbed to dedicatingRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Academic Performance1430 Words   |  6 PagesSleep Deprivation and Academic Performance in Adolescents Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue with adolescents. Statistics show that 60% of high schoolers report extreme daytime sleepiness. 20% to 33% of those high schools report falling asleep in class at least once during the week. Daytime sleepiness is only a small issue about sleep deprivation in students. Sleep deprivation negatively impacts school performance adolescent students because it interferes with brain development, create moodRead MoreThe Effect Of Sleep On Undergraduate Academic Performance1138 Words   |  5 Pagesof Sleep on Undergraduate Academic Performance There are only a few needs of humans that are essential for survival. These include food, water, oxygen, and sleep (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). A lack of any of these fundamental needs can be detrimental to human functioning (Orzel-Gryglewska, 2010). The effects of sleep deprivation are numerous. Without sleep humans can be irritable, distracted, forgetful, and even experience hallucinations. There are even diseases associated with continual sleep deficiencyRead MoreDoes Limited Duration Of Sleep Affect Academic Performance?1673 Words   |  7 Pagesduration of sleep affect academic performance? Academic performance is utilized worldwide in order to determine an individual’s career success and in some instances intelligence. The United States utilizes academic performance as an indicator of character and potential; often individuals are defined by how well they perform in academic areas. The United States measures academic performance through grade point averages, exam results and standardized tests. The education system is based on academic performance;Read MoreSleep Can Improve Learning And Memory Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Sleep can improve learning and memory. However whether the length and type of sleep whether this correlates to academic performance is unclear. Therefore the aim of the proposed experiment is to research whether length and type of sleep experienced correlates with academic performance It is hypothesised that longer sleep with more Non-REM sleep will correlate with higher academic performance. Participants will be randomly selected 1st year psychology students taking a mandatory 100 levelRead MoreCollege Students Minds Are Getting Enough Sleep1618 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents’ minds is getting enough sleep. Many college students may not think sleep is an integral part of life, when in fact many researchers have found how truly important it is. College is a time when students are transitioning into young adulthood, with increasing amounts of personal responsibility (Brown, Soper, Buboltz , 2001). This increase in responsibility, that at one point didn’t exist because of familial support, can lead to an interference in student sleep patterns (Pilcher, Ginter, SadowskyRead MoreCorrelation Between Average Sleep Hours And Cumulative Gpa On College Students1105 Words   |  5 Pagesaverage sleeps hours and cumulative GPA on college students. And the hy pothesis of this research is that there is a positive correlation between the average sleep per night and cumulative college GPA. There were 42 undergraduate students took the survey about sleep hours, sleep quality, and cumulative GPA. Pearson’s correlation test was conducted in the research. As the result, there was no significant relationship between college students’ sleep hours and cumulative GPA. It illustrated that sleep quantityRead MoreThesis Statement : Sleep Deprivation1414 Words   |  6 PagesEng 112.0004 Mrs. B. Peterson October 13, 2017 Sleep deprivation Thesis Statement: Sleep deprivation is harmful to college students because it hinders student learning and jeopardizes their safety while driving. I. Learning a. Memory b. Lack of attention II. Safety a. Fatigue b. Decision making Sleep is one of the unavoidable daily-living activities and it is one of the most important factors contributing to a person’s health. A quality sleep is essential for the physical, cognitive andRead MoreThe Connection Between Sleep And One Specific Kind Of Performance1358 Words   |  6 Pagesconnection between sleep and one specific kind of performance, which is academic performance, among university students. This chapter framework the methodology that can be practical to attain the goal and objectives of the research study. Therefore, suitable preparation and thorough analysis are compulsory in planning the methodology procedure to get the expected result. A self-report questionnaire was utilized in this research study to measure sleep-related variables and educational performance, of universityRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Academic Performance852 Words   |  4 Pagesimportance of maintaining one’s health in order to optimize one’s quality o f life. My educational experience at the University of Maryland has reemphasized the importance of health professionals attuning to their patients holistic health, such as their social, emotional, and physical well-being, instead of solely focusing on their disease status. One specific topic that affects the holistic health of undergraduate students is sleep deprivation. I am interested in this topic not simply because I am

How to Write a Proficient Case Study

Case study writing is a quite broad term – what one means by it may differ considerably depending on the context and topic. A case study written as a part of research for an academic institution will be different from a business case study aimed at a market situation, and so on. There are, however, common aspects that are shared by most case studies. In this guide we will cover them and teach you how to write a successful case study that will fit any context. Preparatory Phase Depending on how specific your task is and how much freedom you have, some initial stages of the work may already have been done for you, narrowing down the scope of your work. Before starting with the proper writing you have to take care of the following: Read the case and define the task/topic; Determine the case study type or style; Look for existing case studies on the same or similar subject; Prepare the interview; Carry out the interview. Defining the Task Naturally, the first step you are supposed to take is to study the task at hand carefully and decide what exactly you are going to work on. Read the case and try to answer the following questions: What is the apparent problem? Read the case and summarize the problem as succinctly as possible. What is the context? What guidelines or instructions were you given? What tools are you going to use or which are required of you to be used? What information do you have on the problem? What additional information you have to obtain and where can it be found? How do you have to present your case study? (Deadline, size, form of presentation, necessary sections, etc.) Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuG8AzK9GVQ Determining the Case Study Type There are four general types of case studies: Illustrative – describing events and situations; Cumulative – aggregating information from several sources or sites, sometimes at different times; Explorative – investigating the situation, problem or risks; Critical – examining a particular subject, usually that of unique interest with little attention paid to generalizations. Of course, these are not the only types, and the boundaries between them may be vague at times. These four, however, serve as a good starting point. You should think carefully about your situation and decide which type will best answer the needs of your research, which will ideally suit your target audience, which is going to yield the best results. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQfoq7c4UE4 Reading Existing Case Studies You don’t want to duplicate the already existing research. So, get busy: discuss the topic with your professors, run a web search on all possible keyword combinations, scrounge through the library. As you do it, mark down books, articles and other sources that may come in handy and read the most relevant ones outright – it will be your entry point into the topic. What you read can make you alter the topic somewhat or suggest an entirely new vista of research. If you find the new topic more interesting, don’t hesitate to replace the original one – your work hasn’t yet started in earnest anyway. You may also pay attention to case studies similar to your current task in scope and topic – they may give you some insight as to the formatting and composition of your work. Preparing an Interview Sometimes this stage may not be necessary, and reviewing course readings, discussions, literature and articles on the subject may turn out to be enough to obtain the necessary solution. However, don’t count on it – in most cases preparing and carrying out an interview is considered to be one of the most important parts of research, aimed at improving your practical skills and ability to obtain information. As it pays to be prepared, here is how you should do it: 1. Decide Whom You Are Going to Interview It is hard to give any recommendations here, as the optimal choice heavily depends on your discipline, topic, the task at hand and the scope of your research. In most cases, it would be best to choose experts in your field and people directly involved in the studied situation (either currently or in the past). If these two overlap, that’s just perfect. 2. Decide How You Are Going to Carry out an Interview Most importantly: whether your interview will be collective or individual. Both approaches are acceptable and useful in appropriate situations. If your research is concentrated on personal matters or you want the insights of the interviewees to be independent from each other, approach them separately. In other situations, it may be more efficient to gather them in a group and ask for a collective opinion. 3. Find out as Much as Possible both about the Situation and the Interviewees Normally you only have one shot at an interview, so prepare for it carefully. Obtain all the information that is available from the outside sources. Study the people you are going to interview and their relation to the situation. 4. Decide on the Method of the Interview Collective or individual, there are a number of options: personal meetings, phone calls, group activities, emails, skype, anything you can think about and arrange. Decide which will suit you best. 5. Prepare the Questions Make sure your questions are aimed at learning the opinions of the interviewees and are concentrated around what cannot be learned from any other source. They should be plain, clear and easily understandable. Avoid controversy and subjectivity. 6. Arrange the Interview(s) Make sure the interviewees know they are being interviewed and that their words will be used in research. In some cases it may even be necessary to have them sign appropriate wavers before you can use the information you receive from them. It is important – ignore this point at your own risk. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2B-zGIrg7KA Carrying out the Interview Exactly what kinds of questions you should ask depends on the situation, but there are a few tips that can improve the overall effectiveness of the process: Usually you want to ask all interviewees identical or similar questions. It helps you get different viewpoints on the matter. However, you can alter the questions depending on the positions and knowledge of the subjects. Questions that don’t allow the interviewee to answer simply by ‘yes’ or ‘no’ usually yield more information. Drafting the Case Study Once you’ve obtained all the information you need from the interviewees and other sources, it is finally time to start working on the written part of your assignment. In most cases, unless specified differently by your professor, your case study should contain the following sections: Introduction Context Main Part Suggested Solution Recommendations References and Appendices Let’s take a closer look at each of them. Introduction Introduction is aimed at giving the reader a very basic idea of what the case is all about: what problems you are going to analyze, what is the situation, why it is important. A good way to start is to ask a question or to quote one of your interviewees. Context/Background Information Before you plunge into the analysis, you should set the stage – that is, provide context for it. It may include: Background information on the situation; Relevant facts; Why your interviewees are a valid source of information; Why the problem is important; Photos or a video that can make your work more persuasive (if the chosen case study format allows). Main Part This is the part where you present the bulk of your data and analysis. Depending on the subject matter and your goals, it may contain: Quotes by individual interviewees; Factual and numerical data: statistics, percentages, graphs, diagrams; in other words, everything that can lend additional credibility to your findings; Generalized findings from the interviews and personal research; History of the problem’s development; Alternative solutions, both proposed and implemented; Why implemented alternatives were/are ineffective; Why proposed alternatives were rejected; What financial, situational and time constraints exist at the moment; Thoughts, feelings and ideas of those with first-hand knowledge of the situation; If you make any claims in addition to what you’ve learned from the interviewees, statistical data and observation, you should be ready to carry out additional research and calculations. Suggested Solution You should end your analysis with proposing a solution of your own, probably building upon what some of your interviewees have already said. Judging by your analysis, choose a solution that you believe to be the most realistic and likeliest to succeed; Explain your motives for choosing it; Provide hard, factual evidence in support of this solution; Further prove your point of view by additional research and, probably, personal experience in the field. Recommendations Recommendations are specific, clearly defined actions and strategies that should be carried out to solve or alleviate the problem. For each part of the solution you should answer the following questions: What exactly should be done? What can go wrong and how to prepare for these contingencies? Who will do it, are they qualified enough, who else may be considered for the job? When should it be done? What are the financial implications: how much will it cost, when will it pay off, how much will be saved? If appropriate, you may recommend a follow-up strategy that may further improve the efficiency of the solution after it is implemented. References and Appendices These are pretty straightforward. Reference list contains all the information sources you’ve used to prepare the case study and referred to. Appendices encompass all the information that is relevant to your case study but couldn’t have been included before without interrupting the flow of your reasoning and disrupting the structure of the study. Make sure to consult your professor as to the citation style you are supposed to use. Editing, Proofreading, Alteration No matter how good your plan is, you will find yourself in need of changing some parts of the case study. Already during writing it you will sometimes notice that the study develops in an unexpected way. If it happens, don’t worry and don’t try to keep to the original plan at whatever the cost – if your research grows organically in a different direction, perhaps it is for the best. Just make sure to make alterations, additions and deletions as necessary. As for editing and proofreading, the rules and methods are more or less the same as with any other paper: Unless you are pressed for time, leave your case study alone for a day or two before starting with the final edit. It will allow you to see your work with a fresh eye; As you reread and edit your text, keep an eye open for grammar, punctuation and spelling mistakes. They, however, shouldn’t be your primary concern; Reread your original task and guidelines – it will refresh them in your mind and make it immediately obvious if you steered away from what you were supposed to be doing; Reread the case study in its entirety and try to define if it is logically coherent, if sections flow naturally one into another, if you’ve managed to successfully prove your point of view; Study sections separately and decide if any changes have to be made in their structure or contents; Introduce the necessary changes. Pay special attention to transition sections – they are most often in need of improving due to the lack of coherence; Other important parts to pay attention to: graphs, figures, schemes, tables and formatting; Ask someone else to read the entire text, preferably someone you may trust to not simply skim through it. After working on it for a long time, reading, rereading and recompiling the info for dozens of times you may have lost the ability to perceive it objectively. An outside observer can draw your attention to the lack of logical connection between items you are too used to, or point out a blatant mistake that evaded your notice. Preparing a case study is a long and arduous task, requiring considerable knowledge of the subject and the ability to plan ahead. We hope that this guide has got the latter covered – and it’s up to you to deal with the former.

Being a Teenager Free Essays

Being a teenager The teenage years are the years were you try to find out who you are. It’s the best period in life. But it’s also one of the hardest. We will write a custom essay sample on Being a Teenager or any similar topic only for you Order Now By Frederik Handberg Hello I’m Frederik. I want to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being a teenager. My opinion is that it’s hard to be a â€Å"normal† teenager in 2011. It can get confusing whit all the different situations you have to deal with. But there are also many great things when it comes to being a teenager. And I think that that is very important to remember when you’re young and sometimes can feel a bit down over things in life. I think that teenager’s opinions are being heard in the public space. But they are sometimes being neglected. Because people just think we are a bunch of confused minors. Many teenagers have an opinion to how the world and life should be. But we don’t get influence on the decisions which is taken. People still treat us like a child. And that can sometimes get quite annoying when we try to grow up. Many teenagers see the school as a place where they are forced to be during the day. But that isn’t my opinion. Of course it can be irritating sometimes to get up a rainy day and go to school. But I mostly see the school as a place where you meet your friends. And meet new people. Another thing that approximately all teenagers have wondered about, I think. Is their popularity among their friends in the class. Sometimes you can feel like a complete idiot. And other times feel like you can take on the whole world. When you grow up you will also see that you get more responsibility and control over your own life. Although you can feel that your parents are being more irritating and over protective. And you don’t always see your parent’s decisions as a good thing. I guess that is a part of being a teenager and grow up. Sometimes you believe that your parents only are there to make life miserable for you. And set limits for your growing expression. You sometimes feel that your parents must have forgotten how it was to be a teenager. But in the end I think that you will see that you’re parents only tried to take care of you. And do the best thing possible for you. I think our parents would show us even more confidence, if we managed to have a good relationship to them. It is also in the teenage years that you try to define who you are as a person. In other words, what your identity is. That’s why many teenagers try many different things in these years. That not always is thought through. But if we don’t try we won’t move us and develop us in life. Frederik Handberg, 488 words. How to cite Being a Teenager, Essay examples

Organization Behavior for Transformational Leadership Style

Question: Discuss about theOrganization Behavior for Transformational Leadership Style. Answer: Introduction Effective leadership is one of the most important components for an organization to become successful (Vasu et al., 2017). This essay will discuss the key qualities of a transformational leader and the impact of such leadership on organizational success. Saleh Al Abdooli, the present CEO of Etisalat, a telecommunication service provider in Middle east has been selected as the transformational leader for this discussion. With the leadership style of Saleh Al, Etisalat has able to achieve maximum success within just 5 years (Etisalat.ae, 2018). Appraisal from his followers and positive commitment of human resource has been effective due to transformational leadership approach, which will be further discussed. Critical Thinking of Transformational Leadership Style According to McCleskey (2014), transformational leaders possess five major personality traits, which are extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and Conscientiousness. While considering the leadership qualities of Saleh Al Abdooli, it can be understood that he is quite extrovert and loves to accompany any level managers, supervisors or even employees within very short period. Moreover, being a transformational leader, Roueche et al. (2014) pointed out that one must be well open towards gaining new experience though innovation and strategic motives. This has been the same with Saleh Al Abdooli as he rebuilt the network and technology sharing protocols from scratch for Etisalat from 3G to 3.75G and finally introduced fiber-connectivity in 2014. Furthermore, being a transformational leader,Breevaart et al. (2014) highlighted that one must be agreeabletowards employee demands and this has been the greatest quality of Saleh Al Abdooli has he has always tried to se ttle collective demands from any level of Etisalat. According to Engelen et al. (2015), transformational leader works one among the sub-ordinates by creating a vision of change and implement the same with royal motivation from employees within the organization. Saleh Al joined Etisalat in 2012 and since then created the vision of becoming the strongest and widest network provider in Middle East. Since 2012, Saleh Alinspired all operational managers andsupervisors across branches of the nation to work a team. Eventually, he acted as the motivator, morale developer and performer guidance through variety of mechanisms. Qu et al. (2015) pointed out that once an organization becomes successful in creating the sense of collective identity and operates unitedly it surely becomes to be the greatest ownership. While considering the impact of Saleh Als transformational leadership style on Etisalat, it can be found that the organization has the lowest attrition rate from 2013 and has the highest pool of talented employeesacross Middle East telec ommunication sector. Moreover, his leadership has actualized Broadband Internet services (Al Shamil and eLife) and 4G Mobile Internet access in Etisalat leading it to cover more than 90 percent of countrys populated areas.Therefore, it can be said that being the transformational leader Saleh Al has able to satisfy the human resource and motivate them by creating the vision through inspiration to be the part of the biggest telecommunication company in Middle East. Saleh Al started his career with Etisalat group in the year 1992 as the Mobile System Planning Engineer. He had to undergo several roles and worked under several supervisors. Being one of the nest performers, he was promoted to become the Chief Engineer in Mobile Systems Planning and Managing Engineer to the Chairman of Etisalat Groups technical committee. While being through such a long journey, Saleh Al had experienced the employee grievances, causes of employee dissatisfaction, impact of work pressure, negative impact of organizational culture and value of rewards. Therefore, while being the part of high level employee, Saleh Al always tried to listen and mitigate employee grievances. He always tried to be the part of system and process rather being the controller or manager. As pointed out by Avolio (2016), organizational leaders must always ensure employee satisfaction and guide them to achieve success, similarly Saleh Al stood by his fellow project team members and guided them to achieve target and deliver projects within stipulated deadline. In this way by performing as an active leader with employee-centric approach Saleh Al has able to acquire the qualities of transformational leader. Considering the above example of leadership, and as pointed out by Schmitt et al. (2016), it can be identified that the main components of a transformational leader are influencing nature, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. A transformational leader contains the qualities such as motivating and inspiring employees, create a vison for future, satisfy employee grievances and create a suitable blend of culture that satisfies all level of employees (Dong et al., 2017). While considering myself, I feel to cover some of the components and qualities of transformational leader which are influencing nature, individualized consideration and agreeableness. On the other hand, I lack the most important qualities which are being extrovert, openness to experience and being intellectual for strategic innovation. I believe myself to become a transformational leader in future because at present I not get the scope to socialize in the workplace, however in forthcoming days while working in groups and communities in an organization I will definitely become an extrovert and share my inspirational thoughts with employees. Moreover, I have the fear to experience new scope but in future I will need to work with experienced talented workforce from whom I will gather knowledge and openness to experience. Finally, I will need to gather ideas related to organizational stakeholders and based on that implement my innovative and creative power by guiding and directing employees to perform in new direction. Conclusion Transformational leadership has been found to have best components of a leadership style that helps in stimulating and developing human resource base. While considering the transformational leadership style of Saleh Al Abdooli, it has been found that only through such motivational and visionary approaches Etisalat has able to establish the highest market share in telecommunication sector of United Arab Emirates. I have able to understand all the components of transformational leadership style however, I will need to mitigate my shortcomings pertaining to being extrovert, openness to experience and being intellectual in future to become a successful leader. References Avolio, B. J., Keng-Highberger, F. T., Schaubroeck, J., Trevino, L. K., Kozlowski, S. W. (2016, January). How Follower Attributes Affect Ratings of Ethical and Transformational Leadership. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2016, No. 1, p. 16854). Academy of Management. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., Espevik, R. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(1), 138-157. Dong, Y., Bartol, K. M., Zhang, Z. X., Li, C. (2017). Enhancing employee creativity via individual skill development and team knowledge sharing: Influences of dual?focused transformational leadership.Journal of Organizational Behavior,38(3), 439-458. Engelen, A., Gupta, V., Strenger, L., Brettel, M. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation, firm performance, and the moderating role of transformational leadership behaviors.Journal of Management,41(4), 1069-1097. Etisalat.ae. (2018).Etisalat UAE | Go Smart.Etisalat.ae. Retrieved 25 March 2018, from https://www.etisalat.ae/en/biz/go_smart.jsp McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Qu, R., Janssen, O., Shi, K. (2015). Transformational leadership and follower creativity: The mediating role of follower relational identification and the moderating role of leader creativity expectations.The Leadership Quarterly,26(2), 286-299. Roueche, P. E., Baker III, G. A., Rose, R. R. (2014).Shared vision: Transformational leadership in American community colleges. Rowman Littlefield. Schmitt, A., Den Hartog, D. N., Belschak, F. D. (2016). Transformational leadership and proactive work behaviour: A moderated mediation model including work engagement and job strain.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,89(3), 588-610. Vasu, M. L., Stewart, D. W., Garson, G. D. (Eds.). (2017).Organizational Behavior and Public Management, Revised and Expanded. Routledge.

Genetically Modified Food Essays - Molecular Biology,

Did you know that we?ve been eating genetically modified foods for the past 10 years? It?s in about 70-75% of our nation?s food. Our food supply has greatly improved. Today we are going to find out what is genetically modified foods. Genetically modified foods are foods that have been engineered in the laboratory. They are improved in many ways. In the first part of my speech I will talk about the genetic modification technology in food and agriculture, locating improvements. In the second part I will include a debate about food safety, consumer attitudes and other concerns. Newspapers frequently carry stories about genetically modified food. The biotechnology agricultural age is occurring. Scientists had an idea to make food have better appearance, growth, and taste. In genetic engineering you take the best food available and add the few characters you are interested in so that you?re breeding efficiency is increased. Genetically modified foods are boosted in nutritional value, and can be more disease-resistant, flavorful, or cheaper than natural foods. For example, plant breeders have turned the wild potato into the wide varieties that we can buy. The varieties of potatoes are different from their cousins. After years of searching scientists were able to find a way to change their genetic modification. They figured out a way to change DNA from organisms. The hope is that this biotechnology will have perceived benefits. Agricultural practices have to change unless we want to risk facing a major shortage of food. The food we eat can threaten our lives and has the potential to affect our health Genetic engineering is really a radical revolution in food production. Genetically modified foods were first put on the markets in the early 1990s. Today agriculture is going far beyond nature to produce new miracles or an even better more abundant life. On the farm today, wherever you look you see the handiwork of scientists. Genetically modified foods are the result of a miraculous agriculture. . Searching for new ways to eat? We all have to eat in order to live. Want to eat new wonder products? Want food that is safe and of high quality? If you move beyond your comfort zone you can eat genetically modified foods. The twenty first century faces choices in genetically modified foods. Genetically modified foods use technology to alter the genetic makeup of organisms. Genetically modified foods have their DNA changed artificially. It makes the food more useful or edible. It involves the insertion and deletion of genes. Using molecular biology techniques, in what is undoubtedly the most potent technology the world has ever known, the food is exposed to radiation or chemicals to modify the organism. This involves inserting genes into the cells of a plant/animal/microbe to give a desired characteristic. It enhances food value and quality in ways that you don?t normally encounter. Food has its genes altered to introduce useful production or flavor characteristics. Food becomes resis tant to disease, stays fresh longer, improved in clarity, improved in size and high in proteins and vitamins. Want to see foods that would never occur in nature? Genetic engineering creates new organisms. Genetic engineering can be used to make products such as foods, food ingredients, medicines and vaccines. A lot of the food we eat today contain genetically modified ingredients. Today, Australia is stalling over whether to embrace genetically modified foods, but we won?t be able to put off the decision for much longer. The public generally supports the use of genetically modified foods. The more they embrace this unique technology, the more it?s going to be used. Technology is getting better, new molecular and genetic techniques will make genetic engineering even more precise. According to the US Food and Drug Administration many of the foods that are common in our diet are obtained from plants and animal varieties that were developed using conventional genetic techniques of breeding and selection. Genetically engineered organisms are everywhere. Things like soy and corn are in so many products. In fact if you eat food from a restaurant or a supermarket, you?re probably eating GMOs. In 1992 the Food and Drug Administration said that GM foods are not inherently dangerous and they really didn?t see any risk at all associated with it. The

At School I Have Been Bullied by a Teacher

At School I Have Been Bullied by a Teacher Hashtag: #EnElColegioTengo (At school I have) Why Some Teachers Crossed the Line? A 14-year old girl in her second year of high school was yelled at, humiliated, and sent out of the room by her well-experienced male science teacher for simply asking stupid questions. Teachers who bullied their students, according to study, were mostly new teachers overwhelmed by frustrations or tenured teachers who were very set in their ways and unwilling to change their traditional coercive teaching practices. A few instances of accidental coercive reaction due to lack of experience and frustrating students’ behavior may be acceptable for new teachers but the bullying male science teacher is a veteran teacher. One explanation is the fact bullying behavior is rooted in personal values, ingrained, and consistent with the way a person understands the world. Since the behavior of tenured teachers served them well in the past and in fact earned them their current position and authority, they see themselves as superior, arrogant and unsympathetic towards â€Å"inferior† students. Study of bullying teachers shows that regardless of frustration or student’s positive behavior, teachers who are more senior, tenured, and experienced teachers routinely practiced bullying behavior. These include habitual utterance of offensive or suggestive language, derogatory or degrading remarks, get involved in coercive sexual behavior, racist and sexist comments, embarrassing, threatening, and intimidating remarks. Moreover, regardless of their position and authority, they engaged in spreading false rumors in an attempt to discredit and socially isolate an individual. Is There a Cure for Teacher’s Bullying Behavior? Connecting with students in both personal and professional manner is often very challenging. The study shows that teachers who cannot control a student displaying negative behavior in class often engage in power struggle until they become frustrated and respond with bullying. For this reason, it may be helpful for teachers to avoid engaging in the power struggle with aggressive or irritating students. Some of the recommended strategies to avoid power struggle is to build a positive relationship with students through caring concern, constructive feedback, and respect. For example, teachers communicating respectfully, paying attention to students concern, acknowledging those with positive behaviors, working with each student to address behavioral problems is unlikely to get negative responses from students. In contrast, those who used force and engaging in the power struggle, make a public scene of a student’s negative behavior, and taking it too personal often form the negative relationship, increased the potential for burnout, frustration, and bullying behavior. The above recommendations are clearly not inapplicable to â€Å"superior† tenured teachers who in a way value their deeply rooted unethical teaching practices. Since the principal in practice avoids dismissing these senior bullies, some of them were reassigned to non-teaching positions where cannot harm students. Other less senior bullies, probably those with potential for change, were sent to some sort of anti-bullying programs aimed at changing their culture, attitudes, feelings, and behavior. In preventing tenured teachers’ bullying, some programs encourage teaching and non-teaching staff to report a teacher bullying a student. Others conducted a student empowerment session aimed at balancing the power inside the classroom. This program in practice promotes awareness of bullying behaviors and their consequences and eventually developed respect between both parties.

Gay and Lesbian Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gay and Lesbian Marriage - Essay Example This is clearly a situation where, while actions are happening on the micro level of society, the response is being created by the macro level of society. Gidden's Theory of Structuration looks in detail at how all levels of society interact and help to create the responses of the other levels. Gidden's suggests that no social structure is permanent; rather it is built upon the actions of those who reside inside of it. While society can not be explained from the macro level, it can also not be explained without it. By reviewing the concept of gay/lesbian marriage from through Gidden's theory, a clearer view of society emerges. Gidden's argues that there is a duality to social structure. While it is created by those who live in it, they are also bound to follow its' rules (Fuchs 1). While it is clearly ever changing, there are also certain areas which remain static, based upon the culture that is being reviewed. Gay/lesbian marriage is an issue that is currently affecting all cultures, causing slow changes to the status quo. In European nations, gay marriage is slowly gaining in acceptance. However, it still meets with strong disapproval in the United States. A key difference between the two societies is the religious factor. While most European countries claim Christianity as their religion, there is also a certain lax feature about religion. It is accepted that a person may or may not be religious, and that therefore not all people should be bound by religious ideals. At the same time, the United States claims

Peer Pressure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer Pressure - Essay Example Peer pressure works by coercing the student into behaviors that he or she might not otherwise engage in, and the implicit message is that the student must engage in this behavior or else they might be shunned from the group. Bullying is associated with peer pressure. The bully takes courage from peers, and this increases the bullying. Moreover, the peers have an implicit agreement not to stop the bullying and not to intervene, and this, too, increases bullying. The students in these social groups engage in rituals, and the rituals might include kicking or punching the bullied victim, and the peer groups do not intervene in this, which also makes the bullying stronger. The peer groups also construct the difference in the victim, which is an important part of bullying. The implicit message to these students is that they cannot intervene, because, if they do, they might be shunned. This essay will examine the nature of bullying and the harm it can cause, and will also examine peer press ure and how it is associated with bullying. Bullying Bullying can result from peer pressure, and Naito & Gielen (2005) look at bullying in Japanese schools. Bullying may have devastating effects, including suicide of the victim. For instance, there was a case of a 13 year old boy in Japan who was the subject of a mock funeral, which was designed to show that he was a failure of a human being. The â€Å"funeral† for this young boy consisted of burning incense, displaying his photograph and flowers, and a condolence card that was signed by other students and four of his teachers. The victim of this episode of bullying actually had a real funeral, as he hanged himself (Naito & Gielen, 2005). Naito & Gielen (2005) refer to this type of bullying as Ijime – this means that physical violence is not involved, but the psychological violence that is involved is just as devastating, if not more so, than physical violence. They also studied the determinants of bullying, or, in oth er words, looked at why bullies became bullies. They found that the school bullies who were studied are oriented towards rule breaking and deviant acts. Moreover, social norms which are too ambiguous to be followed are often the social norms which are most often broken, as the bully is able to interpret ambiguous social rules to suit his own agenda. The bully may see some forms of bullying as being ambiguous and harmless, thinking that they are only joking or teasing, ignoring the serious implications of their actions. Bullying is also accepted because other students around the student being bullied thinks that the situation is fun, which encourages bystanders and audience discounting the feelings of the victim. They also found that classes with frequent bullying are made up of bullies, bullied students, an audience and bystanders – audience consists of students who are amused by the bullying, and bystanders are those who either don't know the victim or pretend not to know th e victim. Naito & Gielen (2005) also state that bullying happens more often in classes where there is a perception of a poor moral atmosphere. The victims of bullying are more often than other students to be the ones who are conformists to power and are more likely to conform to school values and norms. The bullies are more likely to want independence from power and have a generally negative attitude towards school values. Bullying is an especially crucial area of school violence to address

The Impact Of Debt On College Students Economics Essay

The Impact Of Debt On College Students Economics Essay Credit cards and debt, in general, is something that affects everyone on an almost daily basis. It is used in almost any context and has a variety of very important uses that affects life for everyone. One uses credit to buy big-ticket items such as cars or houses but the primary reason one uses credit would be that of convenience. Convenience and the ability to have a short-term load for better cash-flow are normally the reasons why people obtain credit cards. These benefits, when used correctly, can be extremely helpful for most users. However, the key focus in that statement is correct use. The problem with credit occurs when in the hands of the uneducated or inexperienced user. Most frequently, these users are college students. College students run into issues with credit typically in two areas. The primary issue they face is with credit cards, but the other, sometimes unexpected issue is with college tuition and student loans. Because of the many negatives of these issues, Credi t cards and debt, in general, are a significant problem that is currently affecting college students. Credit Cards are a negative influence on students and are a problem for a variety of reasons. One of the most basic problems, and one of the problems that leads into the others, is the issue of the often high unsecured credit lines. Credit card companies, while they usually start out limits at a low level, often increase the limits of teen credit cards rather quickly. According to Silver-Greenberg (2007), Credit card companies have modified their practices for college students, because theyre vulnerable and their parents will usually bail them out (p. 2). The reality is that these credit lines have absolutely nothing to do with a college students ability to pay back the loan and are in no way relational to income. By granting credit lines to college students that are so inflated, it seems like the credit card companies are almost asking for the lines to be abused by the students. The fact is, is that this can be seen very simply just by studying the student population at large. Resea rch by Joo, Grable, and Bagwell (2005) showed that the average balance carried by a college student was around 890 dollars (p. na). A figure this high as an average for college students is way too high. Considering that there are a sizeable amount of college students that are unemployed, it seems rather ridiculous that students would be allowed to charge this amount with no conceivable way of paying back on a routine basis. What makes this whole problem of high balances even worse is the fact that the credit card companies insist upon outrageously high interest rate for college-aged new users. They do this because companies know that college students are more of a risk than regular users. They also do this because they figure that most students will carry a balance and thus, with a higher rate, they have the opportunity to make more money off college students. In addition to just having higher rates for students in general, credit card companies also engage in a practice referred to as universal default. According to Silver-Greenberg (2007), Under universal default, a student who has two credit cards and faithfully makes timely payments on one, but misses a payment on the other, can find that the interest rate hes being charged has been raised to 30% on both cards.(p. 2) Basically, the idea is that if a user is late on one card or account, the user has been late on all of his cards that engage in this practice. This practice exacerbates all of the problems that already exist with credit cards by making it even harder to be good with ones finances. It makes it especially hard for college students, who are new to credit cards in general, because it establishes a very low tolerance for mistakes. In addition, those who least can afford these practices are the ones who have to worry about it. While this practice might be acceptable for adults with an established income and credit history, it hardly makes sense for those just starting out. These high interest rates can be a big problem because two-thirds of all college students have at least one credit card and 15 percent of students have 2 cards or more. (Lee, 2002, p. 10) No doubt those numbers are on the rise as well. Student loans affect the world of credit cards as well. The average graduate from the class of 2007 owes $20,000 in college loans andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for 50% of those surveyed their student loan and credit card debt was higher than their current annual salaries (National Poll, 2007, p. n/a) What this proves is that credit is a major burden for those in and out of college. It does not help that credit cards are being used to pay tuition either. Norvilitis (2002) estimates that 20 percent of students have charged tuition and expects that number to rise (p. na). If one does not qualify for a student loan and does not have cash, then a credit card might be the only way they can pay for college. With that in mind, it makes it easier to understand some credit card debt. However, in ad dition to the problems with the usage of credit cards, there are also some problems with the marketing of credit cards in my opinion. Specifically, I believe that the marketing of credit cards on college campuses goes over the line. I believe that getting a credit card should be a personal decision, not just a decision made because you see a booth signing people up at a student center. Giving away free shirts or mugs or food to get someone to sign up for a credit card is just wrong. Finally, Norvilitis (2002) suggested that students who receive cards from tables in a student union have larger debt to income ratios than students whose cards are from another source. (p. n/a) I believe this furthers the reasoning that credit cards should not be advertised on campus. I also believe that credit cards obtained from an on-campus advertiser are not taken as seriously as credit cards obtained in a normal manner. Credit cards have lot of negatives to them and they can cause a great deal of long-term harm. The reason credit cards during the teenage years have such an ability to cause long-term ham is because of the fact that the majority of students and/or teenagers have a relatively short credit history. Realistically, most college students understand that missing payments will probably not be the greatest for their credit, but they have no idea how seriously it affects them. Lee (2002) reports that over 75% of students have never seen their credit report before and that most students are unlikely to ever see their report during their college years (p. NA). This fact makes the effects of credit cards that much more dramatic. When college students are learning how to use their cards and when they make bad decisions regarding payments and carrying large balances, they really have no idea to what extent they are affecting their credit. Considering the fact that most will never see their report u ntil after college, it comes as no surprise that some college students can and will come out of school and not be able to qualify for a simple car loan. What college students do not realize is that simple mistakes in college with credit can significantly impact their future in more ways than one. Martin (2007) states that many employers check credit reports and turn down applicants who have poor credit ratings (p. na). Odds are that most students applying for jobs do not even consider their credit when wondering if they will get the job or not. Another factor that affects a students credit rating is their student loans. While it is not likely that they will miss payments on those loans, the fact is, the large outstanding balances that most carry on these loans counts against them when applying for credit to purchase a home or car. For many, this is a legitimate concern as, according to a National Poll (2007), that among respondents over age 35, 62% are still paying off student loans (p. NA). What this indicates is that credit, whether credit cards or student loans, has a significant effect on ones future. There are a variety of causes for why the use of credit with college students get out of hand and hard to manage. It is particularly hard to make a generalization as to why the majority of college students cannot manage their credit. However, there are many reasons that, in combination with each other, play a role in this problem. One main issue that causes a lot of problems is a lack of education. The majority of college students open credit card accounts without paying a whole lot of attention to what they are getting themselves into. According to Norvilitis (2002), 71% of students had no idea what interest rate they were paying on their particular credit cards. This proves the fact that college students have learned how to use their credit cards but do not understand how their credit cards really work. Most believe that there really is not a whole lot one needs to know about credit cards and the credit card companies must agree because they do not make it easy for any user to real ly learn. In fact, Norvilitis (2002) says that 59% of teens say that explanatory information from credit cards is not helpful or unreadable (p. NA). As a result, the majority of users do not learn about credit. Some do, however, but it is a small number. Personal finance classes are usually offered in high schools to teach just this sort of thing, but unfortunately there is a lack of interest. To illustrate this point, Norvilitis (2002) states that 62% of students had the opportunity to take a personal finances class, only a third actually take it. This should really come as no surprise as the majority of people assume finances should be common sense. This reasoning is what causes problems for the majority of credit card users. The other factor that comes into play regarding credit is family behavior. Generally, as with other behaviors, teens learn from their parents and look to them for guidance. This situation is no different as teens try to emulate their parents in this regard. A ccording to Palmer (2007), 84 percent of teens opened an account at their parents banks (p. na). Parents need to realize that everything that they do financially, whether or not they believe it will be noticed, affects how their teens will use credit. Joo et  al. (2005) found that students whose parents used credit cards often were a lot more likely to show positive attitudes toward credit card use; whereas, students whose parents had problems with credit card use were more likely to have negative attitudes toward using credit cards (p. na).While some parents use credit cards responsibly, some do not. Those that do not are the ones to worry about. If left uneducated, students of these parents will most likely experience issues due to their haphazard use of credit cards. Credit cards will always be misused. There are so many users it would be irresponsible to think otherwise. Furthermore, it can be counted on because there will always be ignorant people who do not pay attention to rules or consequences. However, work can be done to prevent as much misuse as possible. As it stands now, credit cards, and debt in general, are ruining some college students futures. With the lack of regulation when it comes to credit cards for students, it is no surprise. According to Palmer (2007), a survey of graduate students showed that over 50 percent would have liked to have learned more about managing their finances in college. However, without an incentive from somewhere or someone, it is likely that the availability of education in this matter will continue to be hard to come by. Likewise, credit card companies will have to have an incentive to change their practices as well. Hopefully, that day will soon come.

Outline for Speech Essay

Informative Speech Outline Title: Child Obesity, a â€Å"Growing† Concern Topic: Most Prevalent Causes of Obesity in the U. S. Specific Purpose: To educate the audience on the key causes of the increasing obesity rate in the U. S. among adults, but especially among youth. Thesis Statement: The main contributors to obesity among adults, but mostly among youth are environmental factors, lack of choosing nutritious meals, portion distortion and the factor that fuels all of these, advertising media. Do you blame the child for not getting enough physical activity or eating the right foods, or do you blame the parents for not properly monitoring what the child consumes or how he or she spends their free time? It’s easy to judge overweight people when you see them because, although obesity is becoming more prevalent, it is still seen as socially unacceptable in our appearance-based society. But, before we rush to place all the blame on the child or the family, we need to ask ourselves if maybe external factors are playing a role in this rising epidemic. Thesis Statement: The main contributors to obesity among adults, but especially among youth are, environmental factors, lack of choosing nutritious meals, portion distortion and the factor that fuels all of these, advertising media. Preview: Today I am going to talk about 4 main points that are essential in understanding why obesity is increasing in the U. S. , particularly among our youth. First, we need to understand our environmental factors. Second, we need to have knowledge of our own lack of choosing nutritious meals. Third, we need to understand the â€Å"portion distortion† in the U. S. ood industry, and lastly, we need to have knowledge of the role advertising media plays in all of this. (Transition: â€Å"Let start by defining what obesity is and how it is measured. †) BODY I. Child obesity is defined as a child whose body mass index (BMI) for their age is more than 95%. (Obesity Action Coalition) a. Body Mass Index is basically the ratio of weight to height o f a child. b. Based on this definition it is evident that the rate of obese children has more than tripled since the 1960’s. (Transition: â€Å"Now let’s take a look at the causes. †) II. Environmental factors contribute to obesity among children and adults c. It is too much high energy food and a low energy lifestyle d. Limited access to physical activities i. Lack of physical activity in school (Center for Disease Control) ii. Communities today are created for automobiles, not walking e. Advancements in technology iii. DVDs, computers, videos games, TV, etc contributes to low physical activity and high calorie consumption (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry). f. What makes it worse is combining low amounts of physical activity with increased caloric intake (snacking, drinking, etc. iv. Sedentary behavior lowers a child’s metabolic rate (Center for Disease Control). (Transition: â€Å"We have these environmental factors, but what makes it worse is that kids today have a greater ability to choose what they eat, but lacks the knowledge of what is healthy. †) III. Lack of choosing nutritious meals is another factor of the increasing child obesity rate. g. Inability to distinguish between healthy and junk food v . There is a natural inclination in people that attracts them to foods that taste good (Beale). vi. There is an inability for children to understand the unhealthy factor in food (Beale). vii. Competitive foods overall overshadow subsidized lunches. 1. Ability for kids to buy offered junk food in vending machines, school stores, etc. (Ayala Laufer-Cahana) (Transition: We know kids are unable to make healthy choices, but what adds to this problem is the fact that home-cooked meals have been replaced with eating out, which introduces the factor of â€Å"portion distortion. †) IV. Portion Distortion is a key contributing factor to the increase of caloric intake, which leads obesity. h. The number of restaurants in the U. S. increased 75% from 1977 to 1991 (Center for Disease Control). viii. The portion sizes in restaurants have steadily increased from 1970 to 1999 (Prevention Institute). 2. Value Meals and Supersizing a. Calorie bombs wrapped in a bargain appeals to teenagers and adults alike (Prevention Institute). b. A larger profit for food industry equals a larger waistline for society. c. The hidden evils of soft drinks for unsuspecting consumers (Prevention Institute). CONCLUSION Summary statement: We have reviewed many key contributors to obesity in people, especially children. However, the one major contributor that is in a sense the invisible hand that enables and encourages negative environmental factors, lack of choosing nutritious meals, and portion distortion to become acceptable life styles, is media. Advertising media is the main source of decreased physical activity among children. Often times viewing some sort of media involves sedentary behavior combined with constant snacking on unhealthy food. Media has an even bigg

History of Cars Essay

The invention of the automobile is an evolution of ideas and actions, beginning with Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton’s theoretical plans for a motor vehicle that led to the invention of the first self-propelled vehicle. The invention of the automobile changed American society by transforming a country of isolated communities into a single entity. The ultimate honor of the first motorized vehicle is attributed to Nicolas Joseph Cugnot, an engineer and mechanic in the French Military. In 1769, Cugnot made his first attempt to construct an automobile. He called it â€Å"Fardier a vapeur† and it reached a top speed of 4 km/h. Even though his first attempt failed, he presented the world with a breakthrough in technology. Cugnot also has another title to his name: the first person ever to be involved in a motor vehicle accident in 1770. He crashed his second invention of the steam-powered tricycle, which could carry 4 passengers. In 1789, the American Oliver Evans was granted the first US patent for a steam-powered land vehicle thus introduced America to a new mode of transportation. In 1807, another breakthrough was brought about. A Swiss man named Francois Isaac de Rivaz invented the internal combustion engine that used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen for fuel. Because he only invented the engine, Rivaz had many people construct automobiles into which he could put the engine. This plan failed but it was the idea of the engine that stayed alive. A few decades later, a man named Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir invented and patented a double-acting, electric spark-ignition, internal combustion engine fueled by gasoline. With this, Lenior was able to successfully make a 55-mile road trip and people’s lives began to change. In 1876, Nikolaus August Otto invented a successful four-stroke engine called the Otto Cycle. With this new breakthrough, the race to invent the first modern automobile began in a hurry. Gottlieb Daimer and Wilhelm Maybach took Otto’s engine a step further and made what is recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine. The two men named their creation the â€Å"Daimler-Maybech engine† which made Dailmer considered to be the first inventor of a practical combustion ngine. Karl Benz, in 1885, became the first to design and build the world’s first practical automobile to be powered by an internal combustion engine. By January 29th, 1886, Benz received the first patent for a gas-fuelled car (only three wheels). On March 8th 1886, Daimler designed the world’s first four-wheeled automobile. In 1889, Daimler invented a V slanted 2 cylinder, four s troke engine with mushroom shaped valves. This became the standard model for all cars going forward. In America in the 1900’s, people were still relying on the electric automobiles. America’s first gasoline-powered commercial car manufacturers were brothers Charles and Frank Duryea (1893). Together, these two introduced a working gasoline automobile that easily outdated the electric vehicles. The first automobile to be mass-produced in America was the 1901 Curved Dash Oldsmobile built by American Ransome Eli Olds. A total of 425 Curved Dashes were produced just in 1901. Oldsmobile therefore took the title of America’s leading auto manufacturer from 1901-1904. A man named Henry Ford designed his first automobile and named it â€Å"Quadricycle. However, he had no real success with that invention. When he formed the Ford Motor Company in 1903, which is where he found success. His Model T, in 1903, became increasingly popular making Ford and his company the most popular in America. Because of cars, cities in America grew and suburbs appeared for the first time. Factory workers no longer needed to live near their factory because the new means of transp ortation allowed them to commute across town. Cars completely replaced any other means of transportation in both efficiency and usefulness and brought America closer together.

Using Bonds for long term obligations of debt securities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5640 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Bond are long term, fixed obligation debt securities which affordable to sale to individuals and financial institutions. Bond is totally different from other debt, this is because bond is not sold directly to a single lender, and it will sell to the public. Organization that issues the bond is organization that needs fixed income for a certain period of time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Using Bonds for long term obligations of debt securities" essay for you Create order During issuing the bond agreement are made in paying a fixed amount of interest periodically to the holder of record or repay a fixed amount of principal at the date of maturity. Intrinsic features such as coupon, par value, maturity, principal value, and the type of ownership are the features of the bond. Coupon bond mean interest income, coupon income, or nominal yield. This coupon of bond is an income that an investor of a bond received over holding period of the issues. Maturity mean number of bond matures or expires. Principal or par value, of an issue represents the original value of the obligation. Company can have many different bond issues outstanding at the same time. Bond can be different type of collateral such as either be senior, unsecured, or subordinate (junior) securities. Fact, of bond Bond When a company (or government) borrows money from the public or banks (bondholders) and agrees to pay it back later Par Value company borrows the amount of money usually PV is RM1000 Coupon Payments The organization makes regular payments to the bondholders, for example for every year or every 6 month (interest income) Indenture A written agreement between the company and the bond holder. Coupon payments will be stated, and the payment period ,money (par value) will be paid back to the bondholder. Maturity Date Date when the company pays the par value back to the bondholder Market Interest Rate Yield (it changes everyday) 1.1 Background of the Study The bond market in Malaysia has developed significantly in terms of market size, range of instruments and efficiency. The development of the bond market centre on the need to establish a well-diversified financial base to meet the changing needs of the Malaysian economy. This paper is focusing on AMBANK 8.250% (30.09.2039) BOND. However, in bond market growth the major role in developing efficient bond market in Malaysia is our own government. Malaysian bond market today also a fastest growing bond market in Asia. As at end-Dec 2009, the size of the bond market reached RM643.8 billion, approximately 90% of GDP.   The bond market has a balance mix of both public sector and private sector bonds each contributing 53% and 47% share of total bond outstanding respectively. Today, the corporate bond market makes up approximately a quarter of the total debt financing (including bank loans) to the economy compared with around 10% in 1997.  A wide variety of debt securities pro ducts are available in the Malaysian bond market, such as fixed coupon bearing bonds, floaters, asset-backed securities, convertible bonds, callable bonds, etc. Bond issuers include, among others, the Government of Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia, quasi government institutions, corporations as well as multilateral development banks (MDBs). To date, a total of seven issuances of MDB bonds, totaling RM3.7 billion have been issued in Malaysia. More importantly, Malaysia, among the key Islamic financial centre, offers a wide variety of Islamic bonds that are based on Shariah compliant concept. As at end-Dec 2009, Islamic bonds accounted for 38% of total bond outstanding. 1.2 Background of the company This study involving 2 organization that are:- AmBank Group AmBank Group is the sixth largest banking group in Malaysia and comprises AMMB Holdings Berhad and its subsidiaries AmInvestment Group Berhad, AmBank (M) Berhad, and AmAssurance Berhad the organization established in August 1975. These group provides a wide range of investment banking, commercial banking, retail financing and related financial services, which also include Islamic banking, underwriting of general and life insurance, stock, share and futures broking, investment advisory as well as asset, property and unit trust management. AmBank Groups core philosophy incorporates a deep-seated commitment to the satisfaction of its wide range of customers, with numerous customer-driven initiatives woven into all forms of communication and interaction with all customer groups. AMMB Snapshot Total Assets RM96.5 billion Shareholders Equity RM9.6 billion Profit after Tax and Minority Interests RM1,008.6 million Ear nings Per Share 34.7 sen basic 774 ATMs and 189 branch offices nationwide at present Staff strength of ~ 10,000 Unless otherwise stated, all figures are accurate as at 31 March 2010 (AMMB annual report). Bond Pricing Agency Malaysia (BPAM) BPAM, under the name Bondweb Malaysia Sdn Bhd, was incorporated on 27th September 2004 under the Malaysian Companies Act 1965. The organization registered as a bond pricing agency (BPA) by the Securities Commission on 28th April 2006 and has met and exceeded the requirements as outlined in the Guideline on the Registration of Bond Pricing Agencies. 18th April 2006 then, BPAM was officially appointed as First Malaysian Bond Pricing Agency. Bondweb Malaysia Sdn Bhd changed it name on 15th September 2008 to BPAM. The name change comes at a time when BPAM aims to consolidate its position as the pioneering bond pricing agency and further strengthen its position by focusing on its core business evaluated bond pricing With this status, BP AM is recognized as one of the official sources for evaluated prices on MYR bonds. 1.3 Problem Statement Bond is a fixed obligation debt securities, where the issuer need the fixed income for a certain period of time. In the case of Ambank bond, which is not frequently issue mean it not facing requirement of money problem on it area. In arising question on to what Ambank bond price affected, this study is to test the relationship between Dependent Variable (Bond price) and the Independent Variable (Trade amount, common stock price, coupon bond, and yield) of Ambank Bond in Malaysian market. It is to measure whether the variable follow the economic theory and significant to the study. 1.4 Objective of the Study General Objective: General objective of this study is to investigate the selected parameters and identify the major factors influencing the price of the Bond. Specific Objective To determine whether the common stock price, coupon bond, yield, and trading amount is statistically significantly with price of bond for Ambank and the relationship between it variable. To examine whether Ambank bond is rapidly growing in the Malaysian bond market and is it one of the bond which contributed to the growing market as stated by BPAM (Malaysian bond market is expanding). 1.5 Scope of Study This study is in the area of Malaysian bond market, where the data also gathered from Bursa Malaysia, Bond Pricing Agency Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia and Data stream which available at UiTM Arau Perlis. In running the data, daily basis is used for not more than 1 year. However journal from local and foreign country are used as a references. The duration that taken into consideration is from 11/2/2009 until 28/12/2010, and it is focusing on AMBANK 8.250% (30.09.2039). 1.6 Significant of the Study The significant of the study is measuring the bond price valuation for Ambank bond using the available data, where only few researcher have done the research. Now, Malaysia practically issuing Islamic Bond, and Conventional Bond. In this paper the measurement is only AMBANK 8.250% (30.09.2039), bond instrument. From the data that been collected, the result is then being analyzed. The findings of this study are supported by journal from past researcher who is local researcher or foreign researcher. The significances are about whether the Independent Variable affects the Dependent Variable. 1.7 Limitation of the Study Limitation on this paper is on availability to get the data, because of the instrument is only traded when the company need money, it not frequently issue by the issuer. The full data is only offer to the organization and not to the individuals user. The full data can be assess at bond stream where only by permission of BAPM. The data is exactly same like data stream, but it only provided by BAPM. Another limitation is on journal as a reference; because of only using specific Malaysian country the journal available may be limited. More over it also the study of the AMBANK bond . Bond that available in trading during that time is active bond rating of A2. The name of the stock is  AMBANK 8.250% (30.09.2039), this bond maturity date is more than 15 year. Bond also can be categorized as complex instrument yet to be study, it because it consist of several component that may gives varies result from the past researcher. Bursa Malaysia and Bond Hub provide some info of the bond , but it is not too detail, so this will be the limitation on the study. 2.0 Literature Review (Varma, 1996),study toward dynamic Indian interest rate, and the paper contain an applicable method for pricing interest rate options in India and valuing bonds with embedded interest rate options. The Black-Derman-Toy model (Black et al.,1994) give the most attractive tool for valuing interest rate option in India. (Varma, 1996), summarize that Indian interest rates show strong mean reversion. Interest rates do volatile more when they are high rather than when they are low. In fact, the dynamic of interest rates is proportional to the level of interest rates so that the proportionate changes in interest rates (known as volatility) are level independent. This type of model was initially proposed by Brennan and Schwartz (1979).The normal rate to which interest rates mean-revert is itself changing over time, and it too undergoes mean-reversion to a grand normal rate, this past researcher result is taken by (varma,1996). Bond prices, as we all know do not follow random walk at all. Random walk mean an investment theory which claims that market prices follow a random path up and down, without any influence by past price movement. As the bond approaches maturity, its price approaches the redemption value and all uncertainty rapidly disappears. Researchers around the world have faced a great deal on determining the dynamics of interest rates. However, a recent study (Tse, 1995) of eight different models in eleven countries found that no model was valid in all countries. Each of the three most popular models found applicability in some countries, but each was rejected in half the countries, so this mean that because of the variability of interest rate it also not applicable to a certain country. Then (Lochoff, 1993) classified in several different ways one of it, the price model are classified endogenously derived the term structure of interest rate. Hence these models are guaranteed to provide correct pricing of straight bonds. However this topic is aggressiv ely argues in Dattatreya and Fabozzi (1989). Based on it, ( Black et al,1994) create tool for pricing interest rate option in India. Black-Derman- Toy model to value bond, however the researcher study valuation of three bond and resulted to: Straight bond Rs 5300 (equal issue price) Advertise bond Rs 6300 (19% above issue price) Actual Bond Rs 5050 (20% below advertised bond and 5% below issue price) interest rate is independent of their level, valuing bond can be complex and need multiple embedded option for valuation and in bond can make big difference to their valuation some result of certain bond can be grossly misleading. Shamsher Mohamad, Taufiq Hassan, and Mohamad Ariff (2007) find 50 listed firms has issues corporate bond and having the highest ratio of corporate bond issued per dollar of GDP among all the emerging markets. Malaysia has 37.3%, even though it only issued only after year 1999( IMF working paper : 152, 2005). Topic discuss, is applyin g research could search for the price value of re-rating of companies, the spread between different ratings and also premium price for the rating can be different during to local and foreign rating agencies. Normaziah, et al (2006) examine the stock price and volume of trade cover the announce of private placement in the market. It was discuss under topic of Private Equity (Seasoned Equity) Announcements. To subject were examine over different economic condition starting from placement exercise, and of premium and discounted offer price. Result show Significant negative price reaction was observed when private placement proceeds are earmarked for working capital requirements. However, when the proceeds are earmarked for investment, the short-term reaction around the announcement day is negative but there is significant positive reaction in the post-announcement period. The average volume of trade increased significantly for the entire analysis period. Edith Hotchkiss, Gergana Jostova (2007),study topic on determinant of corporate bond trading have obtained significant positive related to bond trading for all bond and regressions. Hotchkiss and Ronen (2002) document the bond and stocks react simultaneously to firm specific information. They also state that calculating price impact toward liquidity measure remains problematic due to infrequent trading in corporate bond. Kamara(1994) has measure of immediacy risk which risk that relate to the price volatility of the bond and the time needed to execute a trade, and also is reduced with higher trading volume. Harris and Raviv (1993) theorized on trading volume is positive affected by return, cause support by Alexander, Edward and Ferri (2000) who find trading increase with bond return volatility. For Gallant, Rossi and Tauchen(1992) observe positive relation between market volatility and trading volume of NYSE- trade stock, while Chordia, Roll, and Subrahmanyam (2000) and Engle and Lange(1997) found opposi te result. On the other hand, Fleming and Remolona (1999) concluded that price reaction to public info do not have any relationship to a trading volume, but it been argue by Dungey, Frino and McKenzie. There are positive relationship between volume and prices changes, Kocagil and Shachmurove (1998). Norliza Ahmad, Joriah Muhammad, and Tajul Ariffin Masron(2009) examines the impact on four macroeconomic factors such as, KLCI, IPI,CPI and interest rate (IR) on bond yield spread of MGS and Corporate bond (CB). They also have generated : Yield spread i, t = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 +ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 CPIi, t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 IRi, t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 KLCIi, t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²5 IPIi, t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi, t , for their study. Where it is a multiple regression analysis. The duration of this study is from January 2001 until December 2008. They found the result of findings support that CPI and IR are the major drivers that influence the changes in MGS yield spread, finding that can take into consideration is IR, CPI and IPI which have weak and no influence on MGS yield spreads, but have significant affect on yield spread of CB. From Hale (2003), bond market is able to provide fund to corporations at low cost compared to loan provides by bank. Ameer (2007) obtained result, that there were an extreme limited number of empirical evidence concerning relationship between macroeconomic variable and bond market in Asian economic. Chan, Ahmad and Wooldridge (2007), found the changes in microstructure of the Malaysian corporate bond market has led to significant improvement in liquidity. From Thau (2001) stated three type of yield in relating to invest in bond, where first, coupon yield is interest paid to bond holder as percentage of bond par values, second yield being measure by annual coupon income divide by bonds market price and lastly YTM provides measure of bond return by estimating the total amount of income for the whole duration of bond hold then bo nd been compared to the prices. Faerber (2000) stated that the inverse relationship between market rates of interest rate and bond prices in which the increase in interest rate will cause in the decrease of bond prices. Also, when decrease in bond prices will translate into wide of the yield spread and vice versa. Bonds with shorter maturity period are less sensitive to fluctuations (Bodie et al., 2008). In supporting how coupon bond will affect the price of bond, we need to understand the time value of money, using present value formula we calculated the discounting future cash flow. It is based on the assumption that each payment is re-invested at some interest rate, and when it received known as future value. BOND PRICE = C + C + ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. C + M (1+i) (1+i)2 (1+i)n (1+i)n C = coupon payment n = number of payment i = interest rate / required yield M = value at maturity or par value Or C x 1 1 BOND PRICE = (1 + i)n + M : i (1+i)n This formula gathered from book : Analysis of Investment and Management of port folios(chapter 18: The Analysis and the Valuation of bond). 3.0 Research Methodology Using BPAM data and daily data gathered, from date 11/2/2009 until 28/12/2010, and as commonly know bond is not same like common stock, this is because it only be issues by organization in certain period of time. However in this study, analyzing is on the bond price changes daily due the population of bondholder seems to grows from time to time which clearly show in the changes of the amount trading and rise on the price. The method is using secondary data, where it from government publication, the financial institution and website related. But some data is manually gathered at Uitm Perlis using data stream. 3.1 Data Collection Data are obtained from: Data stream which available at Uitm Perlis. (Price of common stock daily for Ambank) Bond pricing agency Malaysia, the daily trade list in secondary priority and active bond ( Internet Sources). Bank Negara Malaysia website. Website for certain journal and article as a reference. 3.2 Data Analysis and Findings 3.2.1 Multiple Regression Analysis This study is using multiple regression analysis, which mean more than one independent variables are used. The statistical test provided in regressing the data is coefficient value, R-squared, F-statistic, T-statistic and few other important statistics. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) is conducted to get the result. The simple regression is as follow: Y = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1X1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2X2 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3X3 +ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²nXn + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ Where, Where ; Y = Dependent variable X1,X2,X3ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦Xn = Independent variables ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 = Intercept term or constant value ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² = Coefficient for the independent variables ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ = Error term 3.2.2 Regression Equation Regression equation shows that the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. Two relationship may exist between them either positive relationship or negative relationship. Positive relationship indicates that an increase in independent variable, dependent variable will also increase. Whereas negative relationship indicates that an increase in independent variable, dependent variable will decrease. 3.2.3 Coefficient of Determination (R-Squared) R- squared is used to measure how well the overall equation explains changes in the dependent variables or know as goodness of fit. R ² = Total explained variation Total variation 3.2.4 T-statistic The T-statistic is used in the t-test to determine if there is a significant relationship between the independent and each independent variable. To carry out this Test, Standard error of coefficient (s) is needed to calculate the t-value. t- value = b S.e (b2) t- critical = t a /2, n-k-1 The critical value from t-distribution table with degree of freedom at 95% confidence interval will be used. Degree of freedom = n k 1 Hypothesis will be tested either to accept Null hypothesis or Alternate hypothesis. Accept Ho when observed T-statistic Critical T-Statistic Accept H1 when observed T-statistic Critical T-statistic The critical value for sampling at a = 0.05 with level of significant two tailed test. 3.2.5 F-Statistic F-statistic provides an overall appraisal of the regression equation to evaluate the significant of each individual component to the entire regression model. F = explain variation / ( k 1) Unexplained variation ( n k) Accept Ho when Observed F-statistic critical F-statistic Accept H1 when Observed F-statistic critical F-statistic 3.3 Theoretical Framework Common Stock Price Coupon Bond Price of bond Yield ( market rate of interest) Volume Traded Independent variable dependent variable 3.4 Hypothesis The purpose of hypothesis testing is to determine which of the hypothesis is acceptable. Ho : assigned the null hypothesis H1 : represented the alternate hypothesis 1. H0= CSP is not statistically significant to bond price H1 = CSP is statistically significant to bond price 2. H0= CB is not statistically significant to bond price H1 = CB is statistically significant to bond price 3. H0= INT is not statistically significant to bond price H1 = INT is statistically significant to bond price 4. H0= TA is not statistically significant to bond price H1 = TA is statistically significant to bond price 4.0 Data Analysis and Findings The data has been analyzed using Statistical Package for social science (SPSS) Software. In the data and finding the data is a) Measure the overall goodness of fit of the regression model by the coefficient of determination, R ². b) Examine the possible relationship between each independent variable on dependent variable using coefficient relationship. c) Using t-statistic to examine the significant relationship of each independent variable toward dependent variable. d) To examine the combination of independent variable that can be used as predictors to the dependent variables using F- Statistics 4.1 Regression Equation Regression linear function derived as : General function : f (CSP, CB, INT, TA) Multiple Regression Equation : Y = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1CSP + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2CB + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3INT + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4TA + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ BP = -4.476 + 0.866 CPS 0.509CB + 14.064 INT + 0.285 TA + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 = constant value BP = Bond price CSP = Common Stock Price CB = Coupon Bond INT = Market Interest Rate (Yield) TA = Trading Amount 4.2 Research Analysis Table below show the result of regression output as stated VARIABLE CONSTANT CSP CB INT TA Beta -4.476 0.866 -0.509 14.064 0.285 t statistic -4.271 4.339 -2.293 51.388 4.742 TABLE 1 R2 = 0.98903 Adjusted R2 = 0.98890 F-statistic = 7799.50 The coefficient determination or R2 in Bond Price is 98.903%, more than 98.903% can be explained by common stock price, coupon bond, interest rate and trading amount. Another 1.097% is unexplained. The adjusted R2 show 98.890% it mean more than 98.890% can be explained by common stock price, coupon bond, interest rate and trading amount. Where another 1.11% is unexplained. Adjusted R2 is 98.890 % which is lower than R2. This is because if we add another variable (1- R2) will decrease and (n-k) will also decrease. The rises or fall of adjusted R2 and R2 is depend on the contribution of new variable to the fit of the regression more than offset the loss of degree of freedom. The coefficient of determination fit the model well, because the value more than 50%. Beta analysis (coefficient) is to examine the possible relationship between each independent on the dependent variable. From the result obtained, increase of 1 unit in common stock price will increase 0.866 units in bond price. This mean that this two variables also have positive relationship and it show the economic theory are not followed from past researcher result would be inversely relation ship but in this study, due to limitation of data the result might be affected using SPSS. This is because, when the price of bond increase, common stock price will decrease in order to make the investment equally attractive. In addition, during this time, Malaysian Bond Market is still recovering from the economic crisis that is on 2008. The economic crisis at the previous year are giving huge impact on the Malaysian economic, however most of investment instrument is having increasing in it own market. From the result obtained, it shows that increase by 1 unit of coupon bond, bond price will decrease 0.509 units . Mean that the two variables have negative relationship and it is consistent with the economic theory. This is because, only active bond are been consider and bond is daily traded and have maturity, it only being issue when organization need money, bond also long term debt and the bond rating constantly A2. The result from this finding is also because bond price is not following random walk theory, in the agreement bond holder will be paid constantly until maturity date. Instead using CB, YTM can also be used, and maybe the result can also be a positive relationship. From the result obtained, increase of 1 unit in yield will increase 14.064units in bond price. This mean that these two variables have positive relationship and it not follow the economic theory. Suppose high interest rate will give low value of bond, and low interest will give high value of bond or vice versa. However, bond is complex instrument, the relationship can also be explained by maybe there were modified d uration and cause convexity effect. Convexity is curvilinear relationship so this is maybe the reason it is not follow the economic theory. For trading amount, clearly picture that increase by 1 units of amount trade will increase 0.285 units of bond price for Ambank. This shows that, it has positive relationship and follows the economic theory. From the literature review there is some evidence that trading amount affect the bond price and till now it still being argued that whether trading amount have no relationship with bond price or connected to the bond price or also knows as price volatility. 4.3 T-statistic To examine the significant relationship of each independent variable toward dependent variable. From the t-distribution table, the book t-value is 1.960 at 95% confidence interval level. VARIABLE T-STATISTIC FINDINGS CSP 4.3391.960 Statistically significant CB -2.2931.960 Statistically significant INT 51.3881.960 Statistically significant TA 4.7421.960 Statistically significant TABLE 2 4.3.1 T-statistic for common stock price (CSP) From the above table, the calculated t-value is higher than the book t-value (4.339 1.960) at 95% confidence interval. 1. H0= CSP is not statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market. H1 = CSP is statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market. Discussion : accept H1 CSP is statistically significant and affect the bond price in Malaysian bond market. This result can be supported by Normaziah, et al (2006) examine the stock price and volume of trade cover the announce of private placement in the market. It was discuss under topic of Private Equity (Seasoned Equity) Announcements. To subject were examine over different economic condition starting from placement exercise, and of premium and discounted offer price. Result show significant negative price reaction was observed when private placement proceeds are earmarked for working capital requirements. TREND FOR AMBANK COMMON STOCK PRICE AND BOND PRICE IN THE STU DY TIME PERIOD BOND PRICE GRAPH 4.3.1 From the graph above, the result is significant to the study. As we can see when the price of common stocks is higher the price of bond will be lower. This can clearly picture from the price trend above, it is the nature of bond price and common stock price to affect each other and the reason is to make both of them equally attractive. 4.3.2 T-statistic for coupon bond (CB) From the above table, the calculated t-value is higher than the book t-value (2.293 1.960) at 95% confidence interval. 2. H0= CB is not statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market H1 = CB is statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market Discussion : accept H1 CB is statistically significant and affect the bond price in Malaysian bond market. This can be proved by formula in calculating the bond price using present value (PV). BOND PRICE = C + C + ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. C + M (1+i) (1+i)2 (1+i)n (1+i)n C x 1 1 BOND PRICE = (1 + i)n + M i (1+i)n where, C = coupon payment n = number of payment i = interest rate / required yield M = value at maturity or par value Or TREND FOR AMBANK COUPON BOND AND BOND PRICE IN THE STUDY TIME PERIOD AMBANK BOND GRAPH 4.3.2 From the above graph, the result from the regression using SPSS is si gnificant to the study. However because of the data using fixed coupon bond the result may varies from other previous researcher who is maybe using zero-coupon or other coupon bond that available. In supporting the result, what we need to be consider is in calculation of Bond Price using present value formula. 4.3.3 T-statistic for market interest (yield/INT) From the above table, the calculated t-value is higher than the book t-value (51.388 1.960) at 95% confidence interval. 3. H0= INT is not statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market H1 = INT is statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market Discussion : accept H1 INT is statistically significant and affect the bond price in Malaysian bond market. It can be support by Faerber (2000) stated that the inverse relationship between market rates of interest rate and bond prices in which the increase in interest rate will cause in the decrease of bond prices. TREND FOR AMBANK INTEREST AND BOND PRICE IN THE STUDY TIME PERIOD GRAPH 4.3.3 From the above graph, the result from regression is not consistent with economic theory, however from the data gathered and graph show that is when price of bond increase, the interest rate will decrease same as nature of coupon bond. From the graph this mean it affect the bond price and support by most researcher result. 4.3.4 T-statistic for trading amount (TA) From the above table, the calculated t-value is higher than the book t-value (4.7421.960) at 95% confidence interval. 4. H0= TA is not statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market H1 = TA is statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market Discussion : accept H1 TA is statistically significant and affects the bond price in Malaysian bond market. Support by Dungey, Frino and McKenzie(n.d). There are positive relationships between volume and prices changes. TREND FOR AMBANK VOLUME TRADING AND BOND PRICE IN THE STUDY TIME PERIOD VOLUME GRAPH 4.3.4 From the above graph, we can clearly see that bond price is increasing, and the trading amount is not frequently trade by the issuer. This is one of the reason why some past researcher state trading amount is not giving any impact or affect the bond price, but some says otherwise. 4.4 F-statistics Book F- value : Fa (k 1, n k) : F 0.05 (5-1, 351-5) : F 0.05 (4,346) : 2.46 Computed F-value is greater than book F-value (7799.504 2.46), mean that all the independent variable (CSP, CB, INT and TA) are statistically significant. H0= All the independent variable are not statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market. H1 = All the independent variable are statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market. From the result, the result would be accept H1 and reject H0 since it significant for the overall model. All the independent variable are statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysia. Second objective of this study is achieved where Ambank bond is one of the bond that contributed to the rapid growing of Bond Market in Malaysia. TREND FOR AMBANK 8.250% (30.09.2039) BOND PRICE (STUDY PERIOD) GRAPH 4.4 From the graph above, it show that the Ambank Bond price is increasing so this can relate to second objectiv e, where Ambank bond is rapidly growing in the Malaysian bond market and is it one of the bond which contributed to the growing market as stated by BPAM (Malaysian bond market is expanding). From the graph it also strongly agrees to F-statistic result that all the independent variable are statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysia. 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion In conclusion, this paper can be summarized as, the research examines the relationship of some bond variable features that may affect the bond price in Malaysian market from time period not more than one year, this study is using daily data from 11/02/2009 to 28/12/2010. Bond in Malaysia is now rapidly in growing to be efficient market so it is an interesting topic need to be study. In conducting this study, Statistical Package for social science (SPSS) Software is used. Using independent variable such as common stock price, coupon bond, interest rate (yield) and amount of trading to measure the relationship where price of bond will affect by the variable. On conducting this data, the Multiple Regression Analysis technique was applied to examine the relationship between the dependent and independent variable. In measuring the relationship, statistic analysis is generated using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). It been measure in term of Coefficient of Determinati on ( R2 ) , T-test (T-statistic), and F-test ( F-statistic). Based on Multiple Regression Analysis result, there is positive relationship between common stock price to the bond price of Ambank bond. However it not follows the economic theory, because many researcher and price theory stated it should be inversely relation, where stock price increase bond price will decrease, or vice versa. This result also hard to argue because of little number of researches done in Malaysia or Foreign. There also a positive relationship, between coupon bond and price of the bond, this can clearly support by present value formula. Coupon bond always connected to it maturity period. Coupon bond in this study is fixed, so the result may varies from other researcher. However it as discuss before coupon bond will reduce the bond price until it reach maturity. However, on finding toward interest rate, it is still positive relationship, but the result is not following the economic theory, suppose increase in interest will lower the value of the bond price, and vice versa. This result can be support by researcher as stated in literature review. Trading amount has positive relationship based on the finding, but result may varies from regression analysis. In this finding, we can see that it follow economic theory, where increase in amount trade also can increase the price of bond. The Coefficient of Determination ( R2 ) show from the findings is more than 50%, so the variable fit the model well. Lastly, the F-statistic result or also known as overall test for all dependent is statistically significant. Second objective that is to examine whether Ambank bond is rapidly growing in the Malaysian bond market and is it one of the bond which contributed to the growing market as stated by BPAM (Malaysian bond market is expanding) is proved, from the regression analysis of overall test is significant and the bond price trend can show the increasing price for Ambank bond. Mean it contributed to the expanding Malaysian bond market. 5.2 Recommendation Some recommendation can be made from this study: It is suggested that a longer time frame should be based for this study because bond is not frequently issued and if there a longer time frame it can may give the best result for the findings. The next research can take other economic variable as a measurement, because today Malaysian also issues Islamic and Conventional bond. These type of bond may have difference variable that can be taken into consideration. It is suggested, to do more research on bond, because there only few research that have done from previous period. So in the future it can be interesting subject to study and it also can be as future references. It is suggested that availability of the bond stream in the institution, so that the research will be more accurate in the future and finding will also significant to be study. This is because the data is only offer to the institution where it is same as the data stream provided.